Reading Habit

How to Develop Your Reading Habit

Edited by Kienforcefidele, Puddy, Flickety, Shakira and 12 others

There are some people who like reading as a habit, and there are some people who only read because they’re told to. There is another kind of person who wants to make reading a habit, but just can't do it. Well, here’s a way to start developing your reading habit and make you a true book lover!

1.Pick up a book. If you are nowhere near a book, how are you supposed to read? Try finding something to read. That can be anything, including newspapers, magazines, novels etc. The important thing is that the book you choose should be at your level. Don’t choose a book too high for your level because it will just waste your time.

2.Practice your reading habit. Now that you have found what you like to read, you can set a goal of 15 minutes a day of reading. During this time, you’re not supposed to care about anything except your reading. After 15 minutes, you can close your reading material and do something else. Practice this every day. Make it a habit. After you have gotten used to this habit, you can increase the time you need to read in a day to 20 or 30 minutes.  

3.Don’t give up. If you find that you cannot complete the task in the first place, don't be ashamed and hold your chin up! Remember, winners never quit! You just have to try again and again until you achieve it. 

4.Don’t put too much pressure on yourself. No kidding. If you find yourself being stressed while reading a book, don’t continue reading under pressure like that. Reading is for pleasure, not pressure, so don’t push yourself too hard until you might quit reading forever, or even if you can read, the outcome won’t be so good either.  

5. Before you start reading a book, browse the table of contents to form an idea of what the book is about. In storybooks or fictional books, there will usually be a short description at the back. You can look at the description to get a better idea of the book's contents. 

Read a review of the book before deciding whether to read it or not.

Tips

• Always remember this: a man who doesn't read books is no better than a man who can't read them.
• A bad habit is just like a comfortable bed. It is easy to get in, but hard to get out.
• Always be positive! Reading is fun if you think it is. Before you read a book, tell yourself, "I will enjoy reading this book!"
• A good book makes good reading.
• Never give up.
• Practice makes perfect.
• Know that: there is no alternative to reading.
• The ones who read bad books are no different from the ones who don’t read any books.

  Warnings

• Never cancel your reading schedule, even for a day.
• Don’t choose a book with too much difficult vocabulary.
• Don’t push yourself too hard.
• If you just starting to develop your reading habit, don’t try to jump to 30 or 60 minutes of reading a day, for it might spoil your pleasure of reading and it can also make you want to give up.

The Effect of the Internet on Reading Habits

  Some experts say that people are reading less than ever. In one sense that's true, at least for certain forms of writing. However, you might be reading a lot more than you think. There are more and more pieces of writing to read than ever before. However, the medium that we use to read is evolving.

• Reading is a task that we've historically associated with printed materials. Novels, textbooks, reference manuals, magazines, newspapers, journals, articles, poems, short stories... all of these great documents were historically printed and distributed on pieces of paper, bound or loose, for centuries. The invention of the printing press rivals the impact of the steam engine on advancing our world and disseminating knowledge to the masses. Both of these inventions are hundreds of years old.
  New technologies have had an equally huge impact on our world in a much shorter time. Just think of life without television, radio, and telecommunications: it almost seems impossible to imagine our world without these conveniences. They've become a huge part of modern life and many people spend hours each day using these media. Computers have grabbed a large slice of our available time and energies. To top it all off, the Internet, the medium that allows us to access the information playground that is the World Wide Web, has provided a whole new medium for information exchange. Although printed media still commands significant sales, you can read many of the same materials on-line via the World Wide Web. Books, traditional magazines, and journals are now distributed electronically. Blogs and other information resources (e.g. Wikipedia) are easily accessible, and searchable, on-line. There's plenty of material out there to read on paper and on computer screens. Are we still reading as much as we used to?
  Reading habits are typically measured by the number of minutes per day spent reading printed materials. You can also measure these habits by numbers of pages, documents, or books over time as well as the subject matter which is being read. A 2005 Canadian study by the Department of Canadian Heritage, "Reading and Buying Books For Pleasure", compared the results of a similar 1991 study (prior to the massive use of the Internet and the World Wide Web) to more recent research. You might think that the proliferation of video games, new television channels, and on-line games, along with Web surfing, might have had a negative impact on reading. The Internet did have an impact on reading, but the results may be a bit of a surprise.
  
  The World Wide Web has had a negative impact but only on certain kinds of reading. Internet usage has had an impact on magazine and newspaper reading, as well as television watching. However, the time spent reading books for pleasure has stayed constant during between the two studies, although people are managing to read fewer books per year (from 24.4 books per year in 1991 to 16.6 books per year by 2005).
  
  Although I don't have a scientific explanation for these trends, I'll speculate on the reasons for the decline in certain types of reading while others increase or stay constant over time. I think the reason lies in the realms of cost and distribution. Put simply, shorter writing is more easily and more freely available over the Internet than longer documents like novels or non-fiction books.
  Look at any major magazine or periodical in North America and you'll find a common attribute: they all have an on-line presence. This is also true for many more specialized magazines with more limited readerships: many magazines, newspapers, newsletters, and other periodicals are now available on-line at any time for the cost of an Internet connection. In addition, many publications that were weekly or monthly in print form are updated much more frequently on the Web. You can get more up-to-date information via periodical Web sites than their printed versions. Blogs and on-line newsletters add to the availability of free information. The incentive to wait for, find, and purchase printed periodicals diminishes everyday.
  
  Contrast this with books. There's no doubt that more and more books are being made available on-line, but the volume and variety of on-line books is relatively small and limited compared to their physical versions. Book publishers are not adopting on-line versions of their books with the same speed and gusto as the periodical publishers. And, unless the books are already in the public domain, publishers generally do not give away copies of new books for free. Just look at Scholastic and J. K. Rowling as an example of how book publishers are not only pursuing printed books, they are actively shunning on-line versions of their books. The Internet was abuzz with rumors and "leaks" of the text of "Harry Potter and the Deathly Hallows" prior to its publication, with the author asking the world-at-large to refrain from posting plot spoilers on the Internet.
  
  There's no doubt that the way we read Web pages, and our on-line content preferences, have a major impact on what we read, how long we read, and how attentively we read when on-line. However, when you consider that much of the Web's content is words, people are still doing a heck of a lot of reading. The biggest change is the media which we read, whereby computer screens are capturing an increasingly large slice of total reading time.
  
  Reading habits are changing. What we read and how we read is evolving over time. But are we reading less than we used to? I don't think so!
   

Traffic Accident on the Street

Traffic Accident on the Street

Nowadays, traffic accident has become daily news on the media such as television program, radio and newspaper.  In a big city like Jakarta, the number of accidents happen more frequently than ever before and the victims are also greater in number both injured and killed. Do you ever wonder why those things happen? Actually, There are some facts that can explain this terrible situation. In this essay, I will  Try to examine some reasons behind this trend.

First, many of the drivers on the street are underage.  They  have no legal age to have   any driver license.  That’s why, their capability in driving   are questionable..  Moreover, they are still too young to take control of their own emotion when driving.  This condition can endanger himself as well as other people.

Second, the drivers are apparently not tested properly. They are people who drive or ride  their vehicles on the street without having a fit and proper test to gain a license to drive. Some, however, may get their license, but they just didn’t get them through a standard procedure. They often didn’t undergo sufficient driving test completely. They have their own driving license, bring them every time they are driving, however, they actually never learned how to drive well. Their abilities in driving are not qualified enough to drive.

Third, many of the vehicles on the road are in fact already too old and thus unsafe to be operated for transporting people. Nevertheless, some transportation companies still use many vehicles of that kind to get more profit for them.

Fourth, the streets are not only getting more crowded every day, but also too narrow.  The number of vehicles running on the street is increasing on daily basis. This due to the fact that owning a vehicle by buying, owing or renting is easier than before. Those conditions make people have their own vehicles, especially motorcycle. The streets are becoming overcrowded by vehicles and as a consequence of this congestion, accidents happened.

In conclusion, there are a variety of different factors that have led to rising levels of traffic accidents. The traffic accidents on the street are not caused by a single factor which often represented by the driver or riders of the vehicles, but as a result of a number of related factors, such as underage drivers, untested drivers, congestion problem and bad condition of vehicles.

Grammar

The summary of Grammar

PREFERENCE

1. Untuk menyatakan kelebihsukaan terhadap suatu benda atau kegiatan digunakan struktur sebagai berikut:

1. S + Like + Noun*/ Gerund* + Better Than + Noun**/Gerund**
   Jane likes apple better than grape.
2. S + Prefer + Noun*/ Gerund* + To + Noun** / Gerund**
   Jane prefers eating apple to eating grape
3. S + Prefer + To infinitive + (Rather) Than+Infinitive/Gerund/Noun
   Jane prefers to eat apple rather than eat grape
4. S+Would prefer+To infinitive+(Rather)Than+ Infinitive/Gerund/Noun
   Jane would prefer to eat apple than eating grape
5. S + Would Rather + Infinitive + THAN + Infinitive / Gerund / Noun
   Jane would rather eat apple than grape

B. Untuk meminta seseorang melakukan suatu kegiatan secara halus (implied causative) digunakan struktur sebagai berikut:

1. S + Prefer + Someone (Subject) + To infinitive
   I prefers he to go to bed
2. S + Would Rather + Someone (Subject) + Verb**
   I would rather he went to bed

Adverb Clause

Clause ini digunakan untak memberi keterangan tambahan kepada Main Clause. Dalam struktur Adverb Clause ditandai dengan kata penghubung yang sesuai dengan keterangan yang diberikan,antara lain:

1. Time : after, as, as long as, as soon as, before, since, until, when, whenever, while.
2. Place : where, wherever.
3. Reason : because, since.
4. Purpose : so that, in order that.
5. Manner : as if, as though.
6. Condition : if, in case, provided that, unless, otherwise.
7. Result : so.. that, such . . . that, therefore, thus, consequently.
8. Contrast : although, though, even though, however, but, in spite of, despite.

Contoh :
He is such a good teacher that I will never forget him.
You will not make a success unless you work hard.

Kecuali dengan bentuk GERUND (infinitive + ing) yang mengandung arti hal perbuatan/cara perbuatan itu dilakukan, misalnya : swimming is good for our health, collecting stamps is my hobby, reading French is difficult, parking here is forbidden dsb. - kata kerja yang dijadikan kata benda bisa dibuat dengan memberi berbagai akhiran selain "ing".

a. Infinitive + TION
to inform - information artinya: penerangan
to reform - reformation pembaharuan
to solve - solution larutan, pemecahan
to repeat - repetition ulangan
to produce - production hasil/produksi
to attend - attention perhatian
to pronounce - pronunciation pengucapan suara
to administer - administration pengelolaan
to educate - education pendidikan
to elect - election pemilihan
to invite - invitation undangan
to intend - intention niat
to invent - invention penemuan (baru)
to demonstrate - demonstration demonstrasi
to alter - alteration pengubahan (ganti)
to altercate - altercation pertengkaran
to fabricate - fabrication pembuatan
to act - action perbuatan
to appreciate - appreciation penghargaan
to assume - assumption sangkaan/dugaan
to corrupt - corruption (korupsi)
to classify - classification (jenis/klasifikasi)
to circulate - circulation (peredaran)
to combine - combination (gabungan/kombinasi)
to mwounicate - communication (perhubungan)
to confirm - confirmation (penetapan/pengesahan)
to decorate - decoration (dekorasi ruangan)
to declare - declaration (pernyataan)
to devote - devotion (ketaman/kepamhan)
to expose - exposition (pertunjuka/pameran)
to except - exception (bantahan/kekecualian
to frustrate - frustration (kekecewaan dan bingung;frustasi)
to hesitate - hesitation (kebimbangan)
to inject - injection (suntikan)
to interrupt - interruption (pemulusan/penentangan)
to interpret - interpretation (penafsiran)
to intervere - intervention (campur tangan)
to narrate - narration (penceramah)
to observe - observation (pengamatan)
to operate - operation (pembedahan ;kedokteran ;gerakan ;militer pengerjaan)
to present -presentation (presentasi)
to register - registration (pendaftaran)
to relate - relation (perhubungan)
to restore - restoration (perbaikan/pemugaran)
to satisfy - satisfaction (kepuasan)
to translate - translation (penerjemahan)

b. Berakhiran SION
to permit - permission (izin)
to omit - omission (penghilangan/penanggalan)
to secede - secession (pemisahan)
to succeed - succession (pewarisan)
to apprehend - apprehension (pemahamam, keprihatinan,pengertian, kecemasan)
to decide - decision (keputusan)
to discuss - discussion (perundingan)
to suspect - suspicion (kesangsian, kecurigaan)
to explode - explosion (ledakan, letusan)

c. Berakiran URE
to please - pleasure (kesenangan)
to press - pressure (tekanan)
to depart - departure (keberangkatan)
to sign - signature (tandatangan)
to seize - seizure (perampasan)

d. Berakhiran AL
to arrive - arrival (kedatangan)
to try - trial (percobaan)
to approve - approval (pernyataan setuju)
to remove - removal (perpindahan)
to rehearse - rehearsal (pengulangan)
to acquit - acquittal (pelunasan/kelepasan)
to dispose - disposal (pengaturan/kecondongan)
to edit - editorial (tajuk rencana)
to continue - continual (kesinambungan)

e. Berakhiran MENT
to govern - government (pemerintahan)
to equip - equipment (perlengkapan)
to agree - agreement (persetujuan)
to improve - improvement (perbaikan)
to enlarge - enlargement (perluasan)
to pay - payment (pembayaran)
to invest - investment (penanaman modal)
to punish - punishment (hukuman)
to arrange - arrangement (tatanan, susunan)
to settle - settlement (penyelesaian, perkampungan)
to entertain - entertainment (hiburan)
to manage - management (pengelolaan)
to develop - development (perkembangan)

f. Berakhiran CB/ANCE
to perform - performance (pertunjukan)
to resist - resistance (perlawanan)
to assist - assistance (bantuan)
to appear - appearance (kemunculan, penampilan)
to enter - entrance (jalanmasuk)
to guide - guidance (tuntunan, panduan)
to serve - service (pelayanan)
to accord - accordance (persesuaian/persetujuan)
to maintain - maintenance (pemeliharaan)
to defend - defense (pertahanan)

g. Berakhlran ESS
to succeed - success (keberhasilan)
to proceed - process (perkembangan/kemajuan)
to exceed - excess (kelebihan)

h. Berakhiran TH
to grow - growth (perturnbuhan)
to die - death (kematian)
to deepen (memperdalam) - depth (kedalaman)

t. Ada pula kata-kata yang diberi bentuk tersendiri dan berubah suara/bunyi
to see - sight (penglihatan)
to fly - flight (penerbangan)
to receive - receipt (tanda penerimaan)
to draw - drawing (gambar)
to drink - draught (tegukan/minum (obat))
to give - gift (pemberian)
to speak - speech (pidato)
to loose - loss (kehilangan/rugi)
to choose - choice (pilihan)
to live - life (kehidupan)
to conquer - conquest (penaklukan)
to pray - prayer (persembahan/doa)
to sing - song (nyanyian)
to know - knowledge (pengetahuan)

J. Ada pula kata-kata kerja yang tidak berubah sama sekali bentuknya
to walk - walk (perjalanan/jalannya)
to ride - ride (pengendaraan)
to dance - dance (tarian)
to play - play (permainan)
to visit - visit (kunjungan)
to escape - escape (kelepasan/kelolosan)
to laugh - laugh (tertawa)
smile - smile (senyuman)
to sleep - sleep (tidurnya)
to plant - plant (tanaman)
to change - change (perubahan)
to look - look (pandangan)
to show - show (pertunjukkan)
to drink - drink (minuman)
to love - love (cinta)
to aid - aid (bantuan)
to help - help (pertolongan)

a. Dengan pemberian akhiran Y anger - angry (marah) wealth - wealthy (makmur) health - healthy (sehat) fun - funny (lucu/menggelikan) hair - hairy (berambut) rain - rainy (berhujan) wind - windy (berangin) cloud - cloudy (berawan) fog - foggy (berkabut) noise - noisy (ribut/berisik) sorrow - sorry (menyesal/sedih/sayang) dust - dusty (kotor/berdebu) b. Akhiran OUS danger - dangerous (berbahaya) victory - victorious (gemilang) glory - glorious (megah) mystery - mysterious (penuh rahasia) delight - delicious (nyaman/nikmat/lezat) c. Akhiran FUL wonder - wonderful (ajaib) use - useful (berguna) delight - delightful (nyaman) care - careful (hati-hati) wish - wishful (berkeinginan) dread - dreadful (mengerikan) peace - peaceful (penuh kedamaian) power - powerful (penuh kekuatan) doubt - doubtful (ragu sekali) success - successful (sangat berhasil) respect - respectful (hormat) d. Akhiran AL history - historical (bersejarah) condition - conditional (bersyarat) science - scientifical (ilmiah) spirit - spiritual (rohaniah) education - educational (mengenai pendidikan) centrum - central (pusat) origin - original (asli) person - personal (bersifat pribadi)

a. Dengan pemberian akhiran CE
patient - patience (kesabaran)
important - importance (pentingnya)
present - presence (kehadiran)
absent - absence (ketidakhadiran)
different - difference (perbedaan)
distant - distance (jarak)

b. Akhiran NESS
sad - sadness (kesedihan)
glad - gladness (kegembiraan)
happy - happiness (kebahagiaan)
kind - kindness (keramahan/kebaikan)
dark - darkness (kegelapan)
bright - brightness (kecemerlangan)

c. Akhiran ITY
noble - nobility (keagungan budi)
able - ability (kemampuan)
capable - capability (kecakapan)
pure - purity (keaslian/kemurnian/kesucian)
popular - popularity (ketenaran)
original - originality (keaslian)

d. Ada yang mempunyai bentuk khusus
high - height (tinggi/tingginya)
wide - width (lebar/luas/lebarnya/luasnya)
long - length (panjang/panjangnya)
deep - depth (dalam/dalamnya)
strong - strength (kekuatan)
new - novelty (kebaharuan)
true - truth (kebenaran)
rich - riches (kekayaan)
proud - pride (kebanggaan)

. Dengan pemberian akhiran BLE
to bear - bearable (dapat ditahan)
to obtain - obtainable (bisa diperoleh)
to apply - applicable (dapat digunakan)
to break - breakable (mudah pecah)
to manage - manageable (dapat dikelola/dikendalikan)
to extend - extensible (dapat diperluas)
to find - findable (dapat diketemukan)
to separate - separable (dapat dipisahkan)
to penetrate - penetrable (dapat ditembus/dimasuki)
to agree - agreeable (dapat disetujui)
to accept - acceptable (dapat diterima)

b. Ada yang mempunyai bentuk sendiri
to hear - audible (dapat didengar)
to read - legible (dapat dibaca)
to eat - edible (dapat dimakan)
to see - visible (dapat dilihat)
to burn - inflammable (mudah terbakar)
to touch - palpable/tangible (dapatdiraba/disentuh)
to carry - portable (dapat diangkut/dicangking)
to bend - flexible (dapat dilengkungkan)
to feel - sensible (dapat dirasakan)

c. Perhatikan arti kata-kata di bawah ini
inalienable - tidak dapat dicabut haknya
irreplaceable - tidak dapat digantikan
indispensable - tidak dapat ditinggalkan
innumerable - tidak terhingga banyaknya
irresponsible - tidak dapat dipertanggungjawabkan
inviolable - tidak boleh diganggu gugat
irrevocable - tidak boleh tidak (harus)
irresistible - tidak dapat menahan godaan,karena sangat menarik
incredible - tidak dapat dipercaya/mustahil/tak masuk akal

PRONOUN

Pronoun dibagi menjadi tiga bagian, yaitu :
Personal, Relative, dan indefinite.Contoh:

Personal/ Subjek:
I, you, we, they, he, she, it.

Personal/Objek:
me,you,us,them,him,her,it.

Personal/Possessive Adjective:
my, your, our, their, his, her, its.

Personal/Possessive Pronoun:
mine, yours, ours, theirs, his, hers,untuk "it" tidak ada bentuknya.

Personal/Reflexive
myself, yourself/yourselves, ourselves, themselves, himself, herself,
itself.

untuk Relative, contoh:
who, whom, which, that, whose, where, when, why.

untuk Indefinite, contoh:
+/positive word yaitu:
some...., somebody, something, someone
untuk -/? negative/pertanyaan word yaitu:
any...., anybody, anything, anyone.
everybody, everything, everyone.


Catatan:
1.Relative pronoun digunakan dalam ADJECTIVE CLAUSE.
2.SOME dapat digunakan dalam kalimat tanya PENAWARAN.
3.ANY dalam kalimat positif, maknanya sama dengan EVERY.

TENSES
Tenses terbagi antara lain Simple, Continuous, Perfect, Perfect Continuous, dengan rumus berturut-turut yaitu: Verb = Simple Verb,
Verb = Be + V-ing, Verb = Have + V3, Verb = Have+Been+V-ing.

Contoh:

PRESENT (V1)

SIMPLE	CONTINUOUS
Verb = Simple Verb	Verb = Be + V-ing
S + V1 + O Bob always watches TV everyday	S + is/am/are + V-ing + O Ann is sleeping right now.
keterangan waktu: Now,today, everyday, dst.	keterangan waktu: Now, at this time, at the moment, in progress, dst.

PERFECT	PERFECT CONTINUOUS
Verb = have + V3	Verb = Have + Been + V-ing
S+Have/Has+V3+O I have already eaten	S+Have/Has+Been+V-ing+O Jim has been studying for two hours
Keterangan waktu: Dianggap tidak penting sehingga sering tidak dicantumkan.	Keterangan waktu: Umumnya tidak ada.

PAST ( V2 )

SIMPLE	CONTINUOUS
Verb = Simple Verb	Verb = Be + V-ing
S + V2 + O Bob watched TV last night.	S + was/were + V-ing + O Ann was sleeping when i came to her house
keterangan waktu: Yesterday, last night, two days ago,dst.	keterangan waktu: When + simple past While + past continuous

 

PERFECT	PERFECT CONTINUOUS
Verb = have + V3	Verb = Have + Been + V-ing
S+Had+V3+O I Had eaten when my friend arrived.	S+Had+Been+V-ing+O Jim had been studying for two hours when I finished my work.
keterangan waktu: when by the time + simple past Before + simple past	keterangan waktu: when by the time + simple past Before + simple past

FUTURE ( WILL+VERB )

SIMPLE	CONTINUOUS
Verb = Simple Verb	Verb = Be + V-ing
S + Will/{[is/am] + going to} + Infinitive + O Bob will watch TV tonight.	S + will + be + V-ing +O Ann will be sleeping by the time I come to her house.
keterangan waktu: Tomorrow,tonight, next year, dst.	keterangan waktu: when + Simple present By the time + Simple present

 

PERFECT	PERFECT CONTINUOUS
Verb = have + V3	Verb = Have + Been + V-ing
S+will+Have+V3 +O I will have eaten by the time my friend arrived.	S+will+have+Been+V-ing+O Jim will have been studying for two hours when I finish my work.
keterangan waktu: when by the time + simple present Before + simple present	keterangan waktu: when by the time + simple present Before + simple present

Catatan:

• keterangan waktu diatas hanya merupakan sebagian contoh.
• SIMPLE FUTURE TENSES dapat dinyatakan dengan PRESENT CONTINUOUS dan SIMPLE PRESENT.
• WILL digunakan untuk peristiwa yang spontan terjadi;
• BE GOING TO PRESENT CONTINUOUS untuk kegiatan yang direncanakan;
• SIMPLE PRESENT untuk kegiatan yang terjadwal akan dilakukan di masa depan.
• Ada kata-kata kerja (Verb) yang tidak pernah dinyatakan dalam bentuk-lng (V-ing) dengan makna Continuous (sedang dilakukan/sedang berlangsung).

Kata-kata kerja tersebut antara lain

1. MENTAL STATE
   know, believe, imagine, want, realize, feel, doubt, need,understand suppose, remember, prefer, recognize, think*, forget, mean
2. EMOTIONAL STATE
   love, hate, fear, mind, like, dislike, envy, care, appreciate
3. POSSESSION
   possess, have*, own belong
4. SENSE PERCEPTIONS
   taste*, hear, see*, smell*, feel*
5. OTHER EXISTING STATE
   seem, cost, be*, consist of ,look* ,over, exist, contain,
   appear*, weigh*, include

Kata kerja yang berasterik (*) juga bisa digunakan dalam continuous tense dengan makna yang berbeda. Contoh:

	NON PROGRESSIVE	PROGRESSIVE
think	I think he is kind a man	I am thinking about this grammar
have	he has a car	I am having trouble. She is having a good time.
taste	this food tastes good.	the chef is tasting the sauce.
smell	these flowers smell good.	Don is smelling the roses.
see	I see a butterfly. Do you see it?.	the doctor is seeing a patient.
feel	the cat's fur feels soft.	Sue is feeling the cat's fur.
look	she looks cold.I'll lend her my coat.	I am looking out the window.
appear	he appears to be asleep.	the actorr is appearing on the stage.
weigh	A piano is heavy. it weighs a lot.	the grocer is weighing the bananas.
be	I am hungry.	Tom is being foolish.

Tenses terbagi menjadi present, past, dan future.
berikut ini iktisar dari bagan - bagannya dengan bentuk Active dan Passive Voice

PRESENT
Present Simple

Active	Passive
S + V1 + O + Complement	S penderita + is/am/are + V3 + by O pelaku + Complement

Present Continuous

Active	Passive
S + is/am/are + V-ing + O + Complement	S penderita + is/am/are + being + V3 + by O pelaku + Complement

Present Perfect

Active	Passive
S + have/has + V3 + O + Complement	S penderita +have/has +been + V3 + by O pelaku + Complement

Present Perfect Continuous

Active	Passive
S + have/has + been+ V -ing + O + Complement	NO PASSIVE FORM

PAST
Past Simple

Active	Passive
S + V2 + O + Complement	S penderita +was/were +V3 + by O pelaku +Complement

Past Continuous

Active	Passive
S +was/were + V-ing + O + complement	S penderita +was/were + being + V3 + by O pelaku +Complement

Past Perfect

Active	Passive
S + had + V3 + O + Complement	S penderita + had + been + V3 + by O pelaku + Complement

Past Perfect continuous

Active	Passive
S + had + been + V-ing + O + Complement	NO PASSIVE FORM

FUTURE
Future Simple

Active	Passive
S + will/shall/be going to + inf. + O + Complement	S penderita +will/shall/be going to + be + V3 + by O pelaku + Complement

Future Continuous

Active	Passive
S + will/shall + be + V-ing + O + Complement	NO PASSIVE FORM

Future Perfect

Active	Passive
S + will/shall + have + V3 + O + Complement	S penderita + have/has + been + V3 + by O pelaku + Complement

Future Perfect Continuous

Active	Passive
S + will/shall + have + been + V-ing + O + Complement	NO PASSIVE FORM

Catatan :
Complement adalah keterangan pelengkap yang perlu dicantumkan, misal : keterangan tempat dan keterangan waktu.

 

AUXILIARY MODALS
BE, DO, HAVE

	PRESENT	PAST
Ability	Can I can speak German	Could I could speak German when I was a child
Permission	May, Can, Might May I go playing football ?	Could, Might Could I go playing football?
Possibility	May, Can, Might John hasn't come yet. He may work.	May, Have, Might Have John hadn't come yet when we got home.He might have worked overtime
Advise	Should, Ought to, Had better. You should study hard.	Should have, Ought to have. you should have studied hard.
Necessity	Must, Have to. We must eat our breakfast.	Had to We had to eat our breakfast this morning.
Probability	Must He is absent today. He must be sick.	Must have He was absent yesterday. He must have been sick.

 

Catatan :

1. Probability adalah strong possibility.
2. Larangan (Prohibition) dinyatakan dengan menggunakan MUST NOT. Contoh :
   You must not go out tonight (kamu dilarang pergi).
   You don't have to go out tonight (kamu tidak perlu pergi).
3. SHOULD HAVE dan COULD HAVE menyatakan penyesalan terhadap suatu aktivitas yang pada kenyataannya tidak dilakukan.
4. WOULD juga digunakan untuk menyatakan kebiasaan masa lalu (bermakna USED TO).
   contoh :
• My Grandfather would tell bedtime story when I was a child.
• My Grandfather used to tell bedtime story when I was a child.

Elliptical Construction

POSITIVE	NEGATIVE
SO + AUXILIARY + SUBJECT	NEITHER + AUXILIARY + SUBJECT
SUBJECT + AUXILIARY + TOO	SUBJECT + AUXILIARY(NOT) + EITHER
you are a student. I am a student. you are a student, and so am I. And I am too.	you are not a doctor. I am not a doctor. you are not a doctor, and nether am I. And I am not either.

 

PARALLEL STRUCTURE

BOTH .... AND ..... NOT ONLY ...... BUT ALSO EITHER ..... OR ..... NETHER ... NOR ....	catatan: jika penggabungan dilakukan dengan menggunakan NOT ONLY - BUT ALSO - EITHER - OR, NEITHER-NOR, maka yang menentukan bentuk kata kerjanya, tunggal atau jamak, adalah subjek yang terdekat dengan kata kerjanya. Jika NEITHER - NOR , NOT ONLY - masing masing diikuti oleh kalimat lengkap, maka kalimatnya harus dalam bentuk tanya(kalimat inversi).
you are a student I am astudent ® BOTH you AND I are student. NOT ONLY you BUT ALSO I am student. EITHER you OR I am a student.

QUESTION TAGS

STATEMENT	TAG
( + ) / ( - )	( - ) / ( + )
I am	Aren't I/ am I not
Kalimat perintah	will/would/can/can't/could you
Kalimat larangan	will you
Kalimat ajakan ( let's )	won't you ( shall we )
Mengandung kata: Nobody, Nothing, Scarcely, Rarely, Seldom, Hardly, Never, Few, Little	( + )

 

 

SUBJUNCTIVE
( Wish, If only, As if/As though )

FAKTA	SUBJUNCTIVE
Kalimat Negatif	Kalimat Positif
is/am/are	were
PRESENT Simple Continuous Perfect Perf.Cont. PAST Perfect Perf.Cont. Perfect Perf.Cont. contoh : I am not as clever as he is. John isn't the owner of the store.	PAST Simple Continuous Perfect Perf.Cont. PAST Simple Continuous Perfect Perf.Cont. contoh : I wish I were as clever as he is. John acts as if he were the owner

 

CONDITIONAL SENTENCES
(If Clause)

1. PRESENT REAL
IF CLAUSE	MAIN CLAUSE	FACT
if+Simple Present If I graduate in march	S+Modal1(will)+inf.+O I will take master degree in July.	it is possible to happen. I may graduate in March so I may take master degree in July.
2. PRESENT UNREAL
IF CLAUSE	MAIN CLAUSE	FACT
if+Simple Past If I graduated in March.	S+Modal2(wouldl)+inf.+O I would take master degree in July.	Simple Present I don't graduate in March so I can't take master degree in July.
3. PAST UNREAL
IF CLAUSE	MAIN CLAUSE	FACT
if+ Past Perfect If I had graduated in March.	S+Modal2(would)+have+V3+O I would have taken master degree in July.	Simple Past I couldn't take master degree in July because I didn't graduate in March.

Catatan:

1. Pernyataan dalam SUBJUNCTIVE dan CONDITIONAL SENTENCES selahu bertentangan dengan fakta.
2. Perubahan-perubahan TENSES yang terjadi dalam SUBJUNCTIVE juga berlaku dalam CONDITIONAL SENTENCES.
3. IF dalam IF CLAUSE dapat dihilangkan jika terdapat kata bantu SHOULD, WERE, dan HAD dalam IF CLAUSE.
   ex: If I had been rich - Had I been rich

 

GERUND
adalah kata benda yang dibentuk dari V-Ing, dan di dalam kalimat digunakan

Sebagai:

Subjek	WALKING is healthy
Objek	I hate SMOKING.
Objek dari sebuah preposisi	He is in charge OF ORGANIZING the meeting.

Dengan BY untuk menerangkan bagaimana sesuatu hal dilakukan.

I found out what QUENCH means BY LOOKING up the dictionary.

Sesudah kata kerja berikut ini

admit, delay, mention, suggest, look forward to. appreciate, deny, mind, tolerate, avoid, discuss, postpone, understand, can't stand, enjoy, practice, hate, can't help, finish, quit, be used to, complete, keep, regret, be accustomed to. consider, like, risk, object to.

 

PARTICIPLE
Participle terdiri atas PRESENT Participle (V_ Ing)
dan PAST Participle (V3)

Digunakan dalam :

Tenses Progressive

PRESENT PARTICIPLE	PAST PARTICIPLE
It was RAINING when I got home	-

Tenses Perfect

PRESENT PARTICIPLE	PAST PARTICIPLE
-	I have FORGOTTEN it.

Passive Voice

PRESENT PARTICIPLE	PAST PARTICIPLE
-	you'll BE TOLD as soon as possible.

Sebagai Adjective

PRESENT PARTICIPLE	PAST PARTICIPLE
it is an INTERESTING book.	it is a very COMPLICATED problem.

Sebagai Adjective Clause/Phrase

PRESENT PARTICIPLE	PAST PARTICIPLE
who is the fat man SITTING in the corner.	The book WRITTEN by Hemingway is interesting.

Sebagai Adverb Clause/Phrase

PRESENT PARTICIPLE	PAST PARTICIPLE
HAVING lost all my money, I went home.	Deepl SHOCKED, he decided never to speak to her again.

Catatan :

• Sesudah kata-kata see, hear, feel, smell, watch digunakan bentuk Present Participle ( V-ing ) atau Infinitive without to.
• Need diikuti V-ing atau to be + V2.
• Ketika digunakan sebagai Adjective, Present Participle mempunyai makna AKTIF, sedangkan Past Participle mempunyai makna PASIF.

 

1. Direct Speech
menyatakan isi pembicaraan seseorang dengan mengutip kata-katanya sebagaimana yang diucapkan

Jika:

Statement
John said, "I will go to Bali Tonight.

Yes / No Question
She asked, "Do you know the speaker's name?"

WH - Question
The teacher asked Jane, "Why did you make many mistakes?"

Imperative
She said to the boys, "Sit down!"

(negative)
She told me. "Don't speak!"

Present
Past Simple
Past Perfect

2. Indirect Speech
menyatakan isi pembicaraan seseorang tanpa mengutip kata-katanya sbagaiman adanya.

Maka :

THAT + statement
John said (that) he would go to Bali that night.

WHETHER/ IF + Statement
She asked me whether/if I knew the speaker's name.

WH -Statement
The teacher asked Jane why she had made many mistakes.

TO INFINITIVE
She told the boys To Sit down.

NOT to infinitive
She told me Not To Speak .

Past
Past Perfect
Past Perfect

CATATAN

• Would, should, had better, might, used to dan could di dalam Indirect Speech tidak mengalami perubahan.
• Kata penghubung That boleh dihilangkan dalam Indirect Speech.

Contoh Causative:

ACTIVE CAUSATIVE

1. S + Let/make/have + O pelaku + Infinitive + O penderita
   ex: john had the mechanic repair his car.
2. S + Get + O pelaku + To Infinitive + O penderita
   ex: john got the mechanic to repair his car.

PASSIVE CAUSATIVE

S + Make/have/get + O penderita + Verb3
ex: john made his car repaired.